Domestic Violence Essays

Aggressive behavior at home Essays Aggressive behavior at home Paper Aggressive behavior at home Paper Aggressive behavior at home is considered as one of the most major issues the world has been battling since antiquated occasions. The overall gauge of the United Nations reports that roughly 20 to 50 percent ladies have been genuinely manhandled by an individual from the family, most as often as possible by a private accomplice (Kimmel 1332). In the United States, abusive behavior at home is additionally viewed as a huge issue of society that should be tended to. The consequences of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) directed by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) in 2001 detailed almost 700,000 occurrences of personal accomplice brutality, wherein around 85 percent of the casualties are female (Rennison). Then, there are 2. 3 to 10 million youngsters who are presented to residential maltreatment every year, 70 percent of whom are abused too (Rossman, Hughes, and Rosenberg; Fantuzzo and Mohr; qtd in Summers 8). Characterizing Domestic Violence One of the worries of scientists when contemplating aggressive behavior at home is simply the varieties in characterizing the term. For example, the word â€Å"domestic† which infers â€Å"within the household† might be excessively wide of a term and may forget about savagery that happens separated from the episodes that occur inside the quick family, for example, the maltreatment including dating couples (Summers 14). In any case, Hester, Pearson, and Harwin endeavored to give a reasonable definition that can dispense with the distinctions in translations: â€Å"any fierce or injurious conduct (regardless of whether physical, sexual, mental, enthusiastic, verbal, monetary, and so forth. ) which is utilized by one individual to control and command another with whom they have or have had a relationship† (qtd in Summers 14). With this definition, even those whom don't live in a similar house however have a relationship somehow can be incorporated, for example, ex-life partners, unmarried accomplices, and same-sex accomplices (Summers 14). Abusive behavior at home has considerable impacts in the lives of people, little youngsters, families, and networks (Domestic Violence Policy). People as Victims of Domestic Violence Domestic savagery doesn't preclude anybody from turning into a casualty. Despite age, sexual orientation and economic wellbeing, anybody can be exploited. Henceforth, in spite of the fact that ladies have been accounted for as an essential survivor of aggressive behavior at home, there are additionally instances of abusive behavior at home where the casualties are men (Summers 15). Numerous pregnant ladies experience the ill effects of aggressive behavior at home. A case of cases of misuse is when spouses don't give the correct prescription expected to their pregnancy. Different cases include obnoxious attack of pregnant ladies, and some may even include constrained sex, bringing about untimely work, kid irregularities, or premature delivery. The nonappearance of concern and care to the expecting spouse may likewise prompt fruitless pregnancy. Abusive behavior at home during pregnancy additionally incorporates consistent spouse beating and betrayal (Mayo Clinic) The possibility that men are likewise casualties of aggressive behavior at home seems unlikely or even incomprehensible for some, because of the apparently prevailing and amazing nature of the previous. What's more, ladies have been the prevalent survivor of residential maltreatment across ages and societies (Conner). As opposed to this open conviction, men additionally experience aggressive behavior at home. The individuals who participate in a male to male relationship are likewise normal survivors of aggressive behavior at home. They experience misuse by means of constrained sex, following and genuinely attack by their male companion. Male casualties generally don't record whines about aggressive behavior at home. This is on the grounds that they are reluctant to be reprimanded by individuals as a large portion of them need to safeguard their picture of being solid, manly and can never be vanquished by anybody (Fee, Brown, Lazarus, and Theerman 1908). Savagery among the older is additionally another instance of aggressive behavior at home. Larger part of instances of maltreatment of older folks in the U. S. were executed by their mates or accomplices (Harris qtd in National Center on Elder Abuse [NCEA] 1). In an examination directed by Wilke and Linton, they found that ladies who are more established are bound to be mishandled for a drawn out timeframe than the more youthful ones (qtd in NCEA 1). They are likewise progressively slanted to remain in a vicious relationship and create physical wellbeing and mental issues (Wilke and Linton qtd in NCEA 1). Youngster misuse, then again, includes physical maltreatment for most cases. A considerable lot of the undesirable youngsters are brought about by undesirable pregnancies. The dissatisfactions and frustrations of the guardians are later on gone to the guiltless kid. Kids likewise become casualties of sexual maltreatment by their dads who additionally player their spouses (â€Å"Domestic Violence Assessment Policy†). Fundamental Causes and Effects of Domestic Violence Preventing abusive behavior at home likewise incorporates understanding its causes and what are the segments of a solid and peaceful family. It is extremely difficult to decide the fundamental reasons for aggressive behavior at home since no exploration has insisted a solitary reason that has been the reliable explanation behind all instances of abusive behavior at home. There are numerous hypotheses that endeavor to clarify the reason for residential maltreatment which contrast and at times cover one another. In spite of the fact that there are contrasts, the shared traits from every hypothesis fill in as a decent premise to counter the issue on abusive behavior at home (Wolfe and Jaffe 134). Natural Theory This hypothesis attests that savage practices of people depend on organic and natural variables. It can without much of a stretch distinguished utilizing natural chemistry and hereditary qualities study which follows mental health and changes that are realized by horrendous encounters. One case of this is the point at which a youngster gathers head injury during adolescence. This can influence how the mind capacities and as he grows up, may impact their critical thinking aptitudes and result in indiscreet conduct, which later on prompts increasingly savage conduct (Wolfe and Jaffe 134). Singular Psychopathology Theory Individual psychopathology is otherwise called broken character structure of an individual. This is brought about by natural variables experienced during youth. It happens when an individual observers aggressive behavior at home which makes the person in question experience troubles in confiding in the individuals around him. The awful experience may likewise influence the manner in which the individual in question manages others and forestall that person to create sound connections. This causes nervousness, discouragement, uncertainty and some criminal pointers like being solitary (Wolfe and Jaffe 134). Couple and Family Interactions Theory Family relationship assumes an incredible job in forming the conduct of an individual. Subsequently, this hypothesis is followed from the family framework. Abusive behavior at home can likewise be brought about by defective cooperations among relatives (Wolfe and Jaffe 134). Social Learning and Development Theory Savagery is utilized by certain individuals as a technique for discipline. Henceforth, this hypothesis proposes that practices are shaped dependent on perceptions from others. At the point when kids observers grown-ups who are battling and harming one another, they may think and accept that it is adequate to hurt others since it understands the contention and misconception. Therefore, when they grow up, they may utilize savagery to manage strife (Wolfe and Jaffe 135). Social Structure Theory The cliché thought of male predominance makes aggressive behavior at home increasingly accessible. This hypothesis sees societys method of rewarding people. Male mastery causes maltreatment over ladies and kids on the parts of physical, conservative and political control (Wolfe and Jaffe 135). Impacts of Domestic Violence on Victims Domestic viciousness truly causes horrendous consequences for the people in question. Be that as it may, beside the injury, there are wellbeing wounds and physical wounds made by the abuser on their casualties. There are cases that clinical consideration is expected to fix those wounds made through physical assaults. Impacts of aggressive behavior at home as physical assault bring about wounds and minor scratches. More terrible physical impacts are cracked bones and illnesses from sexual contacts (Bragg 26). Enthusiastic injuries are likewise within reach in view of abusive behavior at home. It causes nervousness, discouragement, substance misuse, alarm assaults and post-awful pressure issue. The casualties may likewise end it all and create psychological maladjustments. A youngster who is presented to abusive behavior at home is bound to encounter mental disarranges. Going to class will be troublesome just as managing others (American Psychiatric Association [APA]). The unsafe impacts of abusive behavior at home are additionally reflected in the capacity of the guardians to bring up their kids. It influences the guardians conduct adversely by encountering pressure and melancholy. The parent-kid relationship regularly winds up broken. Casualties of aggressive behavior at home needed to abstain from rehashing history which clarifies why they are attempting their best to turn into the best guardians. Notwithstanding, such exertion to give the correct help, nurturance and direction to their kids isn't simple since they didn't encounter care and love from their folks who past manhandled them. There are additionally circumstances wherein guardians don't have the foggiest idea how to give enthusiastic and physical help to their kids as a result of passionate fatigue and misery (Bragg 27). There are likewise examines indicating that most casualties of aggressive behavior at home abuse their kids later on. A few guardians utilize physical power as type of discipline and disciplinary measures. Consequently it influences the youngsters conduct since it makes a kid oppose the guardians who hurt them (Bragg 27). End Domestic savagery is one extraordinary issue among families in the general public. It demolishes relationship and upsets self-improvement of relatives. It is a demonstration that if not forestalled promptly can prompt criminal cases. Mindfulness and security will help everybody about aggressive behavior at home. The aforeme

Arlen Specter essays

Arlen Specter articles Representative Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania is proceeding to work today to help the residents of this incredible federation. He is as of now serving his fourth term as Senator and is on the ballot in 2004. Arlen Specter was conceived in Wichita, Kansas where he got known for his free demeanor at a youthful age. He previously went into the political field after school. He went to Yale Law School after school and later turned into the main Republican chosen in Philadelphia. He is notable for being one of the most moderate Republicans in the Senate today. Arlen Specter is a part and administrator of a few boards of trustees, his famous perspectives has helped him gotten one of the better Senators. As the Chairman of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education Subcommittee, and Veteran Affairs, Senator Specter has helped Pennsylvanians as well as individuals all over the nation (www.foxnews.com). Congressperson Specter has improved the Nations instruction framework (www.senate.gov/phantom). He has kept on supporting a huge spending plan of the Department of Education. In 2003, the spending rose to 53.1 billion dollars, which gives additional cash to programs. The 107th Congress and President Bush changed the manner in which we see our Education framework (www.senate.gov). During that time, the No Child Left Behind Act, which the Senate passed by a larger part, gave training to low accomplishing kids. This bill likewise brought the Neglected and Delinquent Youth Program Amendment which Senator Specter made (www.senate.gov/apparition). The eventual fate of Education is up to the individuals who are chosen for office. The Congress will keep on surveying the shortcomings and qualit ies of the Education Department however regardless of what they will consistently attempt to improve it. The Veteran Affairs Committee implies a great deal to Senator Specter since his dad didn't get the correct treatment that a veteran should. He was denied his reward from the U.S. Government in the wake of being injured in W... <!

Managing Panic Attacks While Flying

Managing Panic Attacks While Flying Panic Disorder Coping Print Managing Panic Attacks While Flying Tips for Getting Through Your Next Flight By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 17, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on November 17, 2019 Westend61 / Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Coping Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Schedule With Your Doctor Have Medication On Hand Visualize a Smooth Fight Be Prepared Find Healthy Distractions Take a Fearless Flying Class Seek Support Think Realistic Thoughts   Plan Ahead View All Back To Top Whether caused by a fear of flying or by a different mental health condition, many people experience panic attacks while traveling by airplane. These attacks can be challenging enough to manage while on the ground  but may seem even more difficult when you are on a flight. Don’t let panic attacks put an end to your travel plans. Here are some tips for managing panic attacks while traveling. Schedule Early With Your Doctor If you want to try a medication for panic attacks, you will need to get in to see your doctor well in advance of your next flight.?? Many physicians are booked in advance and may not be able to see you on short notice. Additionally, your doctor may want you to try a medication before a flight to determine how you react to it, so again it is better to get in early. Have Your Medication On Hand Anti-anxiety medications can provide you with quick relief from panic attack symptoms, providing you with a tranquilizing effect that can minimize the physical and mental associations of feeling fearful while flying.?? It may seem obvious, but you will want to make sure that your medication is with you in your carry-on instead of in your checked luggage. Be certain that your prescription is up-to-date, including your name, prescribing doctor, and prescription number. If you only use this medication when you occasionally fly, you will want to be certain that it is not expired, and that you have the appropriate amount for your round trip. Visualize a Smooth Fight During the weeks leading up to your flight, use the visualization technique to envision a smooth flight. Put aside some time each day to work on this strategy. Begin by getting into a comfortable position and close your eyes. Use your imagination to see yourself going to the airport. Imagine getting onto the plane, feeling calm and relaxed about your flight. Take in all your senses, noticing how the plane sounds as it takes off, seeing the clouds in the skies, and feeling steady as you remain in your seat. Breathe deeply as you continue to visualize your flight. When you are ready to come out of your visualization, remind yourself how calm you feel, and then slowly open your eyes. If practiced regularly before your next flight, you may feel less anxious about traveling on an airplane.?? Be Prepared With Relaxation Techniques To stay calm during your next flight, be prepared by having regularly practiced some relaxation techniques. Exercises that you can practice beforehand may include deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), and meditation.?? These strategies may help you let go of anxiety and remain more tranquil throughout your next flight. Find Healthy Distractions There are many things you can do to help keep your mind off your fear of flying. For your next flight, be prepared by having a list of things that you can refocus your thoughts on. To feel less anxious, you can bring along books and magazines, crosswords or other types of games that will keep you occupied, or your favorite snacks to enjoy throughout the flight. A few simple movements can help you release tension that has built up in your body due to feelings of anxiety.?? When permitted, try  getting up every so often to do a  few  little stretches. You can even get up and walk the aisle a few times to allow your body to stretch.     Many nervous flyers find that the loud noises of the plane often trigger anxious thoughts. You may find it helpful to bring along earplugs to reduce these sounds. You can also bring headphones and listen to your favorite music or a relaxation guide to help you feel calmer.   How to Distract Yourself From Panic Disorder Take a Fearless Flying Class More frequent fliers or those seeking long-term assistance for their fear of flying may want to consider taking a class or online course that addresses this issue. These classes help in skill development along with cognitive-behavioral  interventions that assist in changing ones fearful thoughts and behaviors.?? Along the same lines, you may also want to  consider getting personal therapy by a specialist who can assist in developing ways to manage this fear. Seek Support on the Plane Let your fellow travelers know that you feel nervous about flying. Sometimes just opening up about your fears  can calm your nerves and make  you feel less worried about how others will react if you  do have a panic attack. You may also want to  let flight attendants know about your  concerns.  Pilots and flight attendants understand that many people fear flying and often strive to provide a great experience. Think Realistic Thoughts   Panic attack sufferers are often susceptible  to experiencing  faulty or negative thinking that can contribute  to their symptoms and fears.??  Even if you feel fearful while traveling by plane, try to remind yourself that thousands of flights are traveling safely. Reassure yourself that you too  will make it to your destination safely. Tell yourself  that if a panic attack does occur, you will be able to manage it. Also remind yourself  that the physical sensations you experience  only signify that you feel anxious, but are not an indication that you are in any actual danger. Plan Ahead The best way to deal with panic attacks on your next flight is to come prepared with a plan.?? Taking steps early on and planning ahead of time will help you have a better experience on your next flight. Be certain that you are scheduled to see your doctor, have been practicing your relaxation skills, and are prepared to bring along  anything that can comfort you throughout the flight. Hopefully, with some work and preparation, you will be able to more easily manage your panic attacks while flying.   Overcoming the Fear of Flying

Saving the Planet, One Panel and Turbine at a Time Essay

Fossil fuels are starting to be a problem and are slowly killing the Earth. We have other sources which we can use to solve our problems. â€Å"Wind and sunshine are clean, emitting neither the pollutants that cause smog nor the carbon dioxide that contributes to climate change†(Ball n.p.). Renewable energy should replace fossil fuels, because they are cleaner, they have been already working, and they are helping Africa. Renewable energy should replace fossil fuels because they are cleaner. Fossil fuels are well known to poison the Earth. They may seem like a solution to our energy needs but they are doing more harm than good. Even though they are so toxic to the Earth we still have a while until we can completely switch to clean energy. â€Å"The†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Wind energy generates about 1.4 percent of the world’s electricity†(Ball n.p.). The U.S. is doing ok with renewable energy but it could put more resources into expanding our technology. â€Å"A 2012 study for world wildlife-Netherlands by Roland Berger Strategy Consultants ranked the U.S. 15th in clean-tech sales relative to gross domestic product, with only 0.3 percent of our economy based on clean-tech†(Yang n.p.). The U.S. has always tried to make itself number one. It would be logical to think that they would want to continue that tradition, even in the green technology field. The U.S. would ha ve to improve their clean technology to be respected on a global level. â€Å"Germany has had policies in place for decades that have resulted in the installation of somewhere around half of the world’s solar panels in its country- even though it has far less sun than places like California†(Yang n.p.). The U.S. contains several sunny places where photovoltaic cells could thrive. They would be able to catch tons of energy. Those places that receive massive amounts of sunlight are a gold mine of untapped renewable energy. â€Å"California is an excellent example of what the United States has the potential to become. The Golden State enacted the pioneering 2006 Global Warming Solutions Act, which sent unambiguous signals to the energy markets that the state is serious about combating climate change and that green technology will play a crucial role inShow MoreRelatedSolar Energy : A Positive Impact On Today s Society1943 Words   |  8 Pagespositive impact on todayâ⠂¬â„¢s society by making the world have less pollution. Solar power is the efficient way of saving energy for the better of our planet. There are many effective ways to change how we use energy and save fossil fuels, such as, turning gas powered cars into electric cars, using solar panels to run off of the power of the sun, instead of using electricity, and using wind turbines which are only being powered by wind, causing no natural resources to be used up. Solar power is a very effectiveRead MoreReusable Energy : Solution For Our Fossil Fuel Crisis978 Words   |  4 Pageswalk to school on a super cold day if you lived a mile away? How will our school provide heat in the winter? Our rich black gold is running out! Where will people get our power from? According to dictionary.com, reusable energy is defined as saving our planet with less money. Without energy sources we won t be able to get electricity or power our cars. We won t be able to do things we do today. We would go bac k to 1785 where there were just candles as our source of light. We won t be able toRead MoreRenewable Energy For The Changing World1600 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world’s pollution. Usage of fossil fuels has increasingly contributed to the CO2 emissions, which is polluting our environment. It is destroying natural habitats and causing an increase in health problems. If our harmful methods continue, our planet will eventually become uninhabitable. Fossil fuels are considered a nonrenewable resource, which means we are required to find a new and clean renewable energy source. These new energy sources must be readily available for the world’s energy demandsRead MoreShould we go Green or Black?709 Words   |  3 Pagesor black? It is high times that we have to decide upon to which color we cling on to –green or black. Before that, we have to decide on about ourselves and our future generations. Are we expecting to see our sons and daughters to prosper or perish? I hope no parents will like to see their children perish, but to see them having more comfortable life than they had. So, we have to be green, not only for us, but also for our future generations and thus to save our mother planet. In this era of technologyRead MoreThe Issue Of Global Warming1427 Words   |  6 PagesAmericans would agree that global warming is a real threat to our planet, and that implementing alternative energy sources is a major step to combating the effects of it. Yet, only 4% of American homeowners have residential solar panels installed, and only 40% have even considered the option (6). It is a widespread myth that solar panels are only for the rich, and should be considered a luxury. While It turns out that solar panels have become increasingly affordable for the middle class over theRead MoreUse Of Nonrenewable Resources On Energy Consumption1720 Words   |  7 PagesWithin the next several hundred years, scientists predict planet Earth will meet its demis e if humans fail to change their methods of energy consumption (Stehr). Right now, 192 out of 195 countries are using nonrenewable resources as their main source of energy (Shahan). The problem with this is that coal and oil are nonrenewable resources meaning once they are gone, they do not get replenished. These fossil fuels also emit high concentrations of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere when burned andRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Wind Energy Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesAs awareness of global warming is raised, many alternative actions have been taken to help prevent this problem. Wind energy is one alternative solution that we use today in our society to fight global warming. 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Although fossil fuels are the more popular source of energy to the world as a whole, there is another

Disaster Management Disasters And Disasters - 1565 Words

Disaster Management Introduction In today’s world, there has been one disaster or another, and hurricanes are one of those disasters that always happens. But, for one reason or another we are never prepared or understand the danger of any type of hurricane over a category one. Most of us have been through many hurricanes, like this learner has when lived in Miami, Fla for over 30 years, and the last hurricane she experience was hurricane Andrew. Warnings are always given, first responders are trained to alert, and FEMA is supposed to be ready to jump in once the storm has done its damage. But we can never be prepared, because hurricanes are unpredictable, and can become deadly for citizens and create millions of dollars in damages. Within this post we will confer Hurricane Katrina, preparedness and Emergency management before and after the disaster. The danger of Hurricane Katrina before and after landfall in New Orleans Leaders tend to hide information from citizens, state, and federal organization always state that it is for their own good or that they withhold information because they did not wish to create panic or avoid and lessen the impact it could have on the citizens. Thereby, even before hurricane Katrina, New Orleans governor was aware of the problem(s) with the levee. According to Irons (2005, p. 4) Governor Blanco, who recently released her actions in preparing for and responding to Hurricane Katrina, states that no one ever predicted or expected the levees toShow MoreRelatedThe Disaster Management Stages Of Disaster824 Words   |  4 PagesDisasters are categorized as natural, man-made, or a combination of the two. For this paper, I will identify a natural or man-made disaster that are currently brandishing in the world and are providing news headlines or happening within my very community. 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Inventory Free Essays

string(132) " salary was excessive and Los Angels only approve d an increase that was 20% less than what Peterson had originally offered to her\." What problems are facing Erik Peterson? 1. Unclear reporting structure 2. Inventory control 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Inventory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Personnel issues: a. Chief Engineer b. Subcontractor c. Employee salary issues d. Conflicts / poor relationships between various positions 4. Lack of clear direction / consistent decisions / communication from corporate 5. Lower level of actual experience from those in higher management 6. Zoning issues 7. Lack of support from corporate regarding local relationships 8. Lack of training for many key positions GMT had originally been targeted to begin service to subscribers on February Y l, but it was now a month behind target because of several major problems. (Page 1) Instead of reporting to Jenkins, like originally assumed, he was assigned to Jeff Hardy, Cellulose’s director of budgets and plans. Hardy had never had any system operating experience, so was unable to offer him any initial advice or guidance that was specific or helpful. Their relationship was somewhat awkward in the beginning because Peterson has never been formally told by either Jenkins or Hardy of the reporting relations hip; it just seemed to have occurred. (Page 3 and 4) The initial construction of cellular towers, performed by a subcontractor, was already several weeks behind schedule and that would never meet the turn-on target. Efforts to get the subcontractor to improve his construction rate failed, and GMT was race vying an increasing number of complaints from local citizens about the way the sub annotator was cutting through privately owned trees and property. (Page 4) CLC Peterson had difficulties with getting his chief engineer, Curt Andrews, to do t he planning and organizing necessary to ensure that equipment and supplies arrived whew n they were needed. Page 4) Peterson discussed this problem with Hardy several times a ND raised it again in Los Angels, button no avail. Curt Andrews had worked his way up an d he had gained a reputation within Cellulose for being technically frustrate. After thro e Of four months in Hanover, Peterson came to realize that Curt did not have either the administrative ability or the prior knowledge needed to start up a brand new operation. (Page e 5) Peterson raised the possibility that Curt be reassigned and replaced by a person who h ad more operating and startup experience; the people he talked with in Los Angel s insisted that Curt had the potential to handle a startup; all he needed was more coaching and help from Peterson. Furthermore, Cellulose had just relocated Curt and his family fro m Tampa to Hanover and Peterson suspected that the company did not wish to put him the rough another move. (Page 5) Peterson took steps to help Curt improve the planning and coordination. One step he took was to have Curt call weekly construction meetings to which everyone in the o organization was invited. However, Peterson felt that Curt did not become involved enough in t hem; he found himself getting most Of his reposts directly from Curt’s two subordinates Todd Jones, supervisor of the radio engineering department, and Mike Delano, supervisor of SMUT’S construction department despite his attempts to get Curt more actively involve deed. (Page 6) Another step was establishing an inventory control reporting system; but gaga n Peterson found that Curt resisted the effort. Peterson continued to have difficulty getting Eng these reports from Curt completed on time. Peterson suspected that Curt was somehow re sinful that Peterson did not trust him implicitly. The inventory control problem became s o great that on two occasions GMT ran short of the radios that were required to equip cell is e; if the radio installation team ran out of radios during the installation process the entire p recess had to be set up all over again, wasting valuable time and money. One these two cocoas ions when Curt did not plan for the radio shipment correctly, Peterson was lucky enough to g et overnight shipping. (Page 6) During this period, Peterson again discussed the problems with Curt asking to have him transferred but Hardy was again reluctant to take any cacti on. Page 7) Curt had problems working with Todd Jones. Many of their conflicts were over the selection and specification of antenna equipment. Over time these issues had come so frequent that Todd told Peterson on several occasions that he felt he was beet ere qualified than Curt and that he wanted Curt’s job. (Page 7) Curt also had several problems w irking with Melissa Mizzen, Peterson secr etary. Most of the arguments between Curt an d Melissa were over errors in applications prepared by Curt, but typed by Melissa. Peterson s suspected that Curt resented having his errors pointed out by a woman. Page 7) 0 Jim Weston, a earldom college graduate, who was brought in as director of marketing was an aggressive and ambitious man who Often rubbed people the wrong ay in his hurry to et things done. Jims market plans were not detailed enough and they require deed careful review. (Page 7) Tremor Burns, a roadside college graduate was hired to run the customer seer vice department. Tremor had many ideas, some of which were impractical and his constant flow of new ideas eventually became a problem for everyone, including Todd Jones a ND even Peterson himself; Peterson had to talk to Tremor about it. Tremor and Curt so n developed problems working with one another; Peterson believed that some of these did faculties occurred because of the many suggestions Tremor made about equipment selection an d procedures. The relationship between Tremor and Curt had become quite strained, Peters on suspected that some of these difficulties may have been caused by Curt’s defensiveness over not having a college degree, and his resulting annoyance at Tremor’s constant flow of critic schisms and suggestions. (Page 7) Peterson promoted his secretary, Melissa, to manager of Accounting and Cacti ovations In February with a raise in her salary. Cellulose headquarters thought that the resulting increase over her previous salary was excessive and Los Angels only approve d an increase that was 20% less than what Peterson had originally offered to her. You read "Inventory" in category "Papers" Peterson f let that Melissa and he knew the quality of her work had suffered as a result. (Page 8) D Peterson had offered Tremor the job at a competitive salary that Tremor had AC accepted. Todd Jones, who was making 25% less, learned about the amount of Tremor’s salary and complained at the difference. Peterson had to discuss the problem with Trove r to let him know that his salary had become known within the company. Tremor voluntarily Off red to accept a salary cut of 20%, knowing that he had to learn some of the technical aspects of the cellular industry from Todd and Curt. (Page 8) Cellulose headquarters had delayed in making several key decisions and ha d several changes in equipment originally specified. As a result of these delays, Cellulose m’s prime supplier of radios could not deliver on time, and Cellulose had to go to an a Iterate source whose equipment was later found to be defective, thereby requiring renegotiate action with the first supplier. Headquarters had made a change in the power supply ratings in Deck ember which Hardy did not inform Peterson of until January. Thus the equipment that GUM T had in inventory could not be used and additional design changes had to be made. T 0 further implicate the situation, headquarters made a subsequent decision in January y to have all power supplies include backup batteries, rather than the generator system the at had originally been specified; the new power supplies did not arrive until the end of February y, (Page 8 and 9) Peterson constantly has a problem with his inability to get either support or CLC ear direction from Hardy. The one suggestion Hardy made, involved marketing to as many customers on the system as possible, but he did not have a set plan or action to do so. (Page Hardy’s four visits to Hanover had been characterized as â€Å"nitpicking’ without r solution of any of the major problems that Peterson felt he had to deal with. (Page 9) Pet errors suspected that some of Hardy’s indecisiveness was caused by Hardy’s uncertain relation ship with his own boss, Rice Jenkins, and his little operating experience in cellular. Page 9) CLC Hardy and Peterson did not agree on how to handle the local governments, el adding Peterson to renegotiate with the local fire department after he solidified the p Ian to use the fire department’s communication tower as a GMT cell site in a neighboring town . Hardy was too concerned with the budget and ROI, and not with the benefits that Cellulose and the public would get from this deal. (Page 12) Peterson felt somewhat uncomfortable in his relationships with both Cantor a ND Green because of an encounter he had had with them during his orientation period. Peterson did not care for Green’s imperious and egotistical manner and feels a distinct dislike f or him. When Peterson challenges Cantor’s statements, he finds she becomes agitated and visibly upset. (Page 12 and 13) One of the issues Cellulose had was the difficulty GMT was having with the e local utility in getting it to â€Å"make ready† its telephone lines according to the promised such duel. Although the meeting with the local general manager had gone well and he had promise deed better service, the utility continued to fall behind its makers schedule. Page 13) Peterson has a poor supervisor who’s unsure of his skills and ability to lead their relationship was â€Å"ambiguous and awkward in the beginning† because Peters on was never informed about the reporting relationship, Hardy failed in giving clear direction n or support to Peterson. Decision making authority and power Peterson is given the responsibility of getting this initiative runnin g, but he does not seem to have the decision making authority to make things happen quickly and efficiently. For example, he needs to get permission to chi angel subcontractors and replace an engineer. No practical experience in industry Peterson cannot successfully lead without proper insight into the industry important positions to get the project off the ground are not able to handle the Eire roles (Curt) Relations to class concepts: 2. What are the underlying causes of these problems? The underlying causes of these problems are there is no communication ammo angst the company and its employees. Many of the employees do not have the proper training and knowledge for the positions they are in and do not put in enough effort, or they believe they are over quail fled than others. L] No one knows who directly to report back to, creating awkward relationships and a bad path of communication. Due to his inexperience (and possible youth) Peterson lacks respect from thou SE he manages. The overall inconsistency, especially in regard to decisions made by upper m management, has led to confusion. In regard to the upper management’s view of Curt, they believed that he coo old handle the job based on past performance in different areas (halo effect). Page 5) They also were influenced by the same bias in regard to resisting terminating the contract wit h the subcontractor. The majority of the team, but especially Curt, seems to suffer from excessive individualism. While Peterson did try to increase supervision of Curt and implement regular meetings, this plan may have backfired. It appears to have evoked negative feelings from C rut which have continued to affect his job performance. Perhaps offering him incentives for meeting certain expectations would have bee n more helpful. No leadership skills with Hardy or Peterson, neither have much experience in area, which leads to lack of confidence because of lack of expertise Lack of communication/direction/ authority between the staff and the WHQL (Peterson cannot handle all hires/ fires/wages on his own without authorization, but is supposed to be the manager) Decision making is not in place for the schedule and needs of the project (Deck Sino making tree or other method of planning not in place radios and power supplies short takes or not ordered in time for different steps of the process to take place) Lack of structure and skill sets in roles (Stevens moved from customer service over to do construction coordination, has a degree in social work) Confidential info was disclosed (salary info) so morale and relationships are n to as they should be in an office environment How effective has Peterson been in taking charge of the Hanover Startup, in t arms of managing the new operation and of providing leadership? Peterson has been effective in taking charge and turning around Hanover star tap so it will be ready in time for turn-on date. How to cite Inventory, Papers

The Spread of Islamic Civilization Essay Sample free essay sample

The Islamic Civilization spread so extensively due to their excellent. organized. good paid warriors and the strength of their forces formed from their patterns and belief methods. The Quran. and the life of their celebrated prophesier Muhammad set illustrations and regulations on how to populate one’s life. The monotheistic people strongly lived in Allah’s word. Before the prophesier Muhammad was born Islam originated from the Arabian Peninsula spread throughout the land largely by train trade. Much like Greece and Rome. Arabia was divided into folks and metropoliss. with different Gods and goddesses they were devoted to. around 6th century A. D. Once a twelvemonth the polytheistic people would run into in Mecca and pray at the Kaaba. which is now has a different significance. to pray to their Gods during Hajj. A few old ages after holding his first vision Muhammad thought to be the last prophesier for Allah. We will write a custom essay sample on The Spread of Islamic Civilization Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page was forced to fly Mecca. his fatherland. for the fright he would be killed for traveling against the faith of the bulk. After old ages of concealment and assemblage weaponries and followings Muhammad and his work forces made the to Mecca and demolished the polytheistic faith by force maintaining the Kaaba and altering the significance of it. After their triumph some Jewish folks tried to get the better of Muhammad themselves but to no help. they two were taken out. ( can be found on hypertext transfer protocol: //www. truthnet. org/islam/whatisislam. hypertext markup language. notes from category. and The Earth and Its People text edition ) After practically wipe outing polytheism from Mecca. Muhammad and his followings continued their spreading of his disclosures. Jihad. which some people refer to as the 6th pillar. means battle for your faith. This is a spiritual belief and pattern that Islams take really earnestly. Sometimes known as holy war. many Islams usage this as their ground to contend. In document # 4 it is demoing that Muslims. at the Battle of Tours saw the opposition to change over as a battle. so they fought. Not ever did they use force. but sometimes propaganda to acquire people to change over. Peoples were promised that if they did. they could travel to Paradise. Document # 2 a qoute from the Quran. provinces that if you follow Allah and his Apostle ( Muhammad ) so he’ll bring you at that place. But if you turn off. if you don’t accept. so you will be punished or travel to Hell. Though acceptive of Christianity and the Judaic faith because they followed God and were Peoples of the Book. th ey were still to a great extent taxed and threatened. shown in papers # 1. Their lecherousness for loot. weak enemies. skilled warriors. fusion under faith and societal constructions. fleetly and skilfully helped Islam conquer and spread out their district and faith. Through different methods people began to fall in their forces and faith whether it be of. or against their ain will.

The State Is a Necessary Evil Essay Essays

The State Is a Necessary Evil Essay Essays The State Is a Necessary Evil Essay Paper The State Is a Necessary Evil Essay Paper State. can be defined in political scientific discipline. as by and large a group of people populating a specific district and populating harmonizing to a common legal and political authorization ; a organic structure politic or state. In this definition. the term province includes authorities ; in another use. the two footings are synonymous. [ Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserve ] . George Washington said that authorities is non ground authorities is non eloquence. It is force and. like fire. it is a unsafe retainer and a fearful maestro. The above statement under treatment can be obtained or deduced from Thomas Pain quoted â€Å"Society in every province is a approval. but authorities. even in its best province. is but a necessary immorality ; in its worst province an unbearable one ; for when we suffer or are exposed to the same wretchednesss by a authorities. which we might anticipate in a state without authorities. our catastrophe is heightened by reflecting that we furnish the agencies by which we suffer† [ Thomas Paine. Common Sense 1776 ] . It has been said that all Government is an evil. It would be more proper to state that the necessity of any Government is a bad luck. This necessity nevertheless exists ; and the job to be solved is. non what signifier of Government is perfect. but which of the signifiers is least imperfect. Thomas Jefferson said in his first inaugural reference ( March 4. 1801 ) that a wise and economical government†¦ shall keep work forces from wounding one another. shall go forth them otherwise free to modulate their ain chases of industry and betterment. and shall non take from the oral cavity of labour the staff of life it has earned. This is the amount of good authorities. â€Å"Why has authorities been instituted at all? Alexander Hamilton. a Federalist said the passions of work forces will non conform to the dictates of ground and justness without restraint. Government is instituted for the common good ; for the protection. safety. prosperity. and felicity of the people ; and non for net income. award. or private involvement of any one adult male. household. or category of work forces ; hence. the people entirely have an incontestible. inalienable. and indefeasible right to establish authorities ; and to reform. alter. or wholly change the same. when their protection. safety. prosperity. and happiness require it [ John Adams. Ideas on Government 1776 ] . Its necessity can be shown even if we assume that. because of their ( the people’s ) gradualness. or beatific goodness. cipher of all time harms anybody else. In such a universe at that place would still be weaker and stronger work forces. and the weaker 1s would hold no legal right to be tolerated by the stronger 1s. but would owe them gratitude for their being so sort as to digest them. Those ( whether strong or weak ) who think this an unsatisfactory province of personal businesss. and who think that every individual should hold a right to populate. and that every individual should hold a legal claim to be protected against the power of the strong. will hold that we need a province that protects the rights of all [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www. liberalsindia. com/introduction/liberalpositionpapers/liberalpositionpapers2. php ] . â€Å"If work forces were angels. no authorities would be necessary. If angels were to regulate work forces. neither external nor internal controls on authorities would be necessary. In bordering a authorities which is to be administered by work forces over work forces. the great trouble lies in this: you must first enable the authorities to command the governed ; and in the following topographic point. compel it to command itself. † – James Madison. Federalist No. 51 February 8. 1788 Why so is authorities a necessary immorality? Its necessity has been explained but why is it so evil? Government is a signifier of insurance for society. It regulates and promotes societal contracts ( I won’t kill or steal from you if you promise non to kill or steal from me ) . Without authorities. there would be no society. Too much authorities and you have no freedom doing it a necessary immorality. Furthermore. It is easy to see that the province must be a changeless danger. or ( as I have ventured to name it ) an evil. though a necessary 1. For if the province is to carry through its map. it must hold more power at any rate than any individual private citizen or public corporation ; and although we might plan establishments to minimise the danger that these powers will be misused. we can neer extinguish the danger wholly. On the contrary. it seems that most work forces will ever hold to pay for the protection of the province. non merely in the signifier of revenue enhancements but even in the signifier of humiliation suffered. for illustration. at the custodies of intimidation functionaries. The thing is non to pay excessively to a great extent for it. Third. when two or more people live in the same country they must hold somehow to restrict their rights where rights overlap. For illustration. H2O must be shared. They do this because the approvals of cooperation are better than the solitariness of rights. Then come the misinterpretations: some people neer learn to understand rights. they think it’s victors take all.

Patriots Win

Patriots Win #PatriotsWIN Exult Patriots Fans! Sorry Seattle Seahawks, our Turn to Win! In spite of the fact that some kept wondering why the Patriots even appeared on the Super Bowl with the deflating scandal behind, the players proved that Super Bowl was about football, not footballs. To their justice, the game was thrilling, heart-stopping and made us nervous! Forget about the last two seasons, even this game gave no certainty the New England Patriots can really win. We could not relax and be sure in victory almost until the end of the game. All we had is our deep belief. Luckily, it paid off; they won the Super Bowl this time! They did†¦ and we can’t be happier. Thank you, Malcolm Butler, for putting an end to all our doubts. You sealed this victory. I mean, did you see that? A reminder: it was Malcolm Butler who intercepted opponents pass in the end zone with just 26 seconds left until the end of the game. Malcolm Butler was not the only hero of this game. Tom Brady led his team to four touchdowns, breaking Joe Montana Super Bowl record. He completed all eight passes, including the one to Julian Edelman who later said: â€Å"Tom Brady came out here, he’s been to six Super Bowls, he’s won four with the salary cap. It’s hard to argue against that.† Butler shook the Seahawks defense claimed to be the strongest asset of their team and the best NFL has. His last catch had a nauseating effect the Seahawks and you could literally see! Tom Brady won his third Most Valuable Player. Eleven years have passed since he won his second one. This is the fourth victory after the Patriots lost three Super Bowls in a row. That was a real down for all of us, fans since they got us used to winning before. Reminder again: the Patriots won three Super Bowls in four years about a decade ago. Thank you for being back on track, guys! Was it only their talent and persistence that got them the trophy? Maybe the break in the team’s routine contributed too. As far as we know, Bill Belichick gave the whole day off for the team before the game instead of a usual walkthrough. That was something new. I guess that rest was crucial for the players. We must admit that Seattle did not quit. The Seahawks showed class. Kearse showed impressive 33-yard catch. Marshawn Lynch rushed for 4 yards, then backup cornerback Butler, who was victimized on Kearses reception, made the biggest play of his first NFL season with 20 seconds remaining. The Seahawks did their best to become the first repeat champions of NFL since New England a decade ago. However, it was not meant to happen this time. The game taught Seattle a lot of mental toughness, though. The game marked by emotions, records, thrill and awards. Therefore, that’s what we have: Super Bowl XLIX, Glendale, Arizona, University of Phoenix Stadium, February 1, 2015, New England Patriots – Seahawks 28-24.

Marine Wildlife Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marine Wildlife - Assignment Example The impact marine preys like fur seals have on their target prey and more especially their resultant interaction with other fisheries has been a subject of continuous study and research interest. The wide array of species and species groups within the marine ecosystem has further expounded this area of research (Wilke & Kenyon, 1954). Various researches have calculated the overall prey requirements of predators including the seabirds, seals as well as whales and such studies avail regional food assessment necessary for maintenance of the respective species population (Perez & Mooney, 1984). In a world where many animals are faced with the possibility of extinction, such research are crucial and can go a long way in helping preserve the threatened population species. The studies have also facilitated and engaged in examination of food web interactions strengths. Additionally, such studies help in understanding the biogeochemical carbon cycling processes (Perez & Bigg, 1981; Townsend, 1899). According to Kajimura (1980, P. 46) fur seals are most commonly found in the areas lying within 74 to 130 km off the land and are frequently in large numbers along the continental shelf as well as slope in areas where pelagic schooling fishes and also squids are generally found in abundance. The study also reported that the fur seals and most regularly found in waters whose temperatures range from 8Â °C to 14Â °C. At sea, the fur seals feed on a range of fish species. The relative proportion of individual prey species included in the fur seals' diet often varies by months (Kajimura 1982; Perez and Bigg 1984). This is as a result of the apparent changes in their scavenging locations, and also the seasonal movements, prey abundance, as well as availability (Lander & Kajimura, 1982). Generally, the fur seals' vary their diets during winter and spring to correspond to the prevailing conditions. Previous researches estimate that the fur seals often consume preys whose respective lengths are 10 to 30 cm, although there are instances where much longer preys are consumed although such must be broken down before consumption (Townsend, 1899, p. 241). This study investigates the average length as well as biomass content of some of the species most fed on by the fur seals. Methods The first step involves measurement of otoliths and beaks of the seals. This is based on the fact that the otoliths are susceptible to degradation and size reduction as they move via the seal’s digestive tract as a result of prey size underestimation. As a result, only the otoliths that reveal little erosion evidence are used to obtain the estimates of fish sizes. Each otolith is rated on scale of 1-5 as per their erosion levels whereby 1 is considered identifiable although substantially eroded while 5 is considered primeval. As an inclusion criterion, only otoliths whose ratings lie above 3 will be measured. Measurement of the otolith leg length is done between its anterior and posterior margins. The measurement is done in mmm with the help of a dissecting microscope and making use of eye-piece graticules. In order to avoid obtaining of size estimates from the same fish, the measurements taken are only for the otoliths of the sides that possess the highest number of intact otoliths of each sample specie. Biasing the cephalopods estimate of sizes is also a key concern to this research. To avoid it, only the cephalopod beaks that are unbroken will be

Philosophy - Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics Essay

Philosophy - Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics - Essay Example Therefore, it seems that democracy leads to anarchy. Further, Plato imagines democracy, which invites everyone as equals to rule themselves, as leading to a nation of power-hungry individuals motivated by selfish interests rather than the public good. Accordingly, Plato imagines democracy leading to tyranny. Either way, it seems democracy leads a society on a slippery slope toward an undesirable end-state. In our modern day democracies, we tend to disagree with Plato in saying that, when well controlled, a democracy neither leads to anarchy nor tyranny. But Plato’s opposition to a modern society is more fundamental. The character Socrates advocates for a state ruled by â€Å"philosopher-kings† in a rigid system of castes that does not allow for lateral movement between the different groups in society (484d). This is abhorrent from the perspective of liberal democracy because this neither acknowledges the right of individuals to govern oneself nor to find happiness in wh atever pursuits one wishes to follow. This desire for a ruling caste stems from Plato’s view of the philosopher as superior in theoretical knowledge over the other people in the state (539e). Despite all of these differences, Plato’s Republic seeks many of the same ends as modern day democracies, including justice as the chief concern of a government (540e) and freedom as a necessary component of a good state (701d). Plato’s Republic advocates for a three-part division of society into classes of rulers, soldiers, and the common people. The reason for this division is the concept of specialization wherein particular tasks or duties are reserved to those who are the most qualified to perform them. Plato believes in this stratification as a means of achieving the greatest amount with the resources available to society. But this stratification leads to severe limits on the liberties of those within the state. For instance, since the rulers of the city already have p ossession of a superior intellect, Plato reasons that they should be allowed to hold no property, to live at the expense of the state, and to live only on their most basic needs. Similarly, members of the common class and the soldiering class are not allowed lateral mobility within the classes. They are, from birth, determined to stay within those classes to develop and prosper in aid to the city. Plato suggests that if citizens claim their dissatisfaction with the role in which they are placed, then the state ought to supply them with the falsehood that they are, by nature, assigned to that role based on the differential dispositions of people to fulfill certain roles (415a). Although this is an ideal situation from the perspective of Plato’s Socrates, from the perspective of a modern democracy, it leaves much to be desired. In fact, it seems clear that modern societies believe that individuals should be allowed to pursue whatever path they feel is right for them, regardless of whether they are effective in that social role. Of course, the nature of capitalism dictates that individuals perform acts that best enable them to support their livelihoods, but individuals do not need to act within strict social constraints like those proposed in the Republic. Secondly, a modern movement away from a class system lies in disagreement with Plato’s advocacy of a class system. Although classes seem justified on account

Importance Of Consumer Attitude Toward Advertising In Smartphones Marketing Essay

Importance Of Consumer Attitude Toward Advertising In Smartphones Marketing Essay The exponential increase of smartphones in the last two years has created unique marketing opportunities for the advertising world. Lack of academic research in the realm of smartphones, and the fragmented and controversial results of studies in the field of conventional mobile advertising, insist on the need for further research in the field. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the consumer attitude toward smartphone advertising, in order to learn how consumers perceive smartphone advertisements. The study was conducted among the US consumers. A thorough review of academic literature on advertising in general, conventional mobile advertising and consumer perceptions to both set the foundation of this thesis. Using this foundation, a research framework of consumer attitudes in the context of smartphone advertising was, then, constructed. The results of the analyses indicate that all the attitudes of conventional mobile marketing affect smartphone advertising as well, and these attitudes differ with different kinds of advertisements. The attitudes are likely to be positive when the mobile advertiser has targeted actual needs of customers. This implies that mobile advertising should be based on service rather than selling. Moreover, the consumer attitudes toward internet advertising strongly correlate with that of smartphone advertising, which suggests the potential replicating of the online Ad-revenue model in the smartphone marketing. Emotional attachment appears to have no influence on the attitude toward smartphone advertising. Additionally, the results of the study show that incentives have a strong positive effect toward consumer behavior. Therefore, incentives must be used by marketers to gain user permission and acceptance for the advertisements. Keywords: smartphone advertising, mobile marketing, consumer behavior, attitudes, incentives, advertising, emotional attachment Introduction The recent rise in smartphones, coupled with advances in wireless information technologies, has placed users in a ubiquitous computing environment, with access to and possibility of exchange of information anywhere and anytime through these smartphones. The ability to see rich content on a smartphone and the larger extent of interactivity possible on it, coupled with GPS capabilities of smartphones, provides the marketers a potentially strong channel for advertising. However, for the advertising efforts to be rightly focused and, in turn, to succeed, knowledge of consumers perceptions towards these advertisements is essential. This research aims to study the consumer perception of advertising in smartphones, using the US consumers as the test case, drawing from academic theory on advertising in general, conventional mobile advertising and consumer perceptions to both. The reason US population is chosen is because smartphone penetration is still very low in other countries, and US has the second highest smartphone penetration in the world  [1]  , which provides a good base for research. This chapter is organized as follows: First, a background of the field of advertising that has recently focused a lot of interest on digital advertising on the internet and the mobile phones, followed by, a review of the recent popularity of smartphones and the growth of the smartphone industry. The importance of investigating the consumer attitude toward smartphone advertising is then emphasized, and the additional opportunity for advertising available on smartphones highlighted. Next, the research problem is defined and the structure of the research study is presented. 1.1. Background Traditional advertising media has undergone rapid change, as the technological developments have given rise to numerous new marketing media. Traditional media has diminished in the last few years due to inroads by online competitors. New media types, like the internet, then the mobile phone, and now recently the smartphone, have emerged, offering greater and greater possibilities of interaction with the consumers. However, in order to effectively benefit from using the mobile marketing channel, the unique characteristics of the mobile and the behavior of consumer interaction with this channel need to be understood. Another major development in the advertising industry has been the increase in empowerment of the consumers in advertisements. The wide-spread availability of the internet means that consumers can compare product offerings and prices before making a buying decision. Additionally, with increasing use of social media, they also share their experiences with others. The contemporary consumer is informed, connected and active (Prahalad 2004). Resultantly, consumers now expect the companies to do more than just delight them, which has resulted in companies advocating greater for their customers (Urban 2004). This means that companies are pushing harder with their marketing efforts, looking for channels that provide more interaction with the consumers: companies are re-inventing marketing services (Mitchell 2006). Communication options have increased in number. The internet has been used as a marketing channel for some time, but the use of mobile phone, and recently the smartphone, as marke ting mediums is still recent. 1.2. Rise of smartphones Mobile phones have increasingly become feature-rich and more sophisticated, since their explosion in popularity. The recent phones come with greater features to supplement, or even replace, other devices such as mp3/video players, digital cameras, and PDAs  [2]  . This technological advancement has given birth to the smartphone, a device that brings together the mobile phone and the PDA. Smartphones are more than mobile phones. They come packed with a diverse range of features and functionalities, which makes them a mobile information center and entertainment device for the user. They commonly include features such as a full-featured QWERTY keyboard, web browser, e-mail, multimedia capabilities, touch screen, built-in cameras, music players, Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation software and even the ability to read and edit Word, Excel and PDF format documents, making them an excellent all-in-one substitute for variety of other devices. Certain models have enough processor power to run complex software applications such as enterprise CRM software and car navigation softwares. Another feature rapidly becoming common is the instant messaging. As such, the definition of a smartphone, or what constitutes a smartphone, is constantly evolving. Mobile phones went from zero in the global population in 1982 to 3.3 billion in 2008, serving about half the worlds population (Alexandros Labrinidis, University of Pittsburgh computer science professor, Feb 2010). A growing majority of the population now expect to be nearly always connected and to be reachable almost instantly via e-mail. The smartphone is the instrument of that connectedness, both as a communications tool and as a status symbol (Lohr 2009). Smartphones have risen in popularity almost instantaneously, due mainly to the fact that they offer the ultimate in connectivity (Figure 1). They provide connectivity not just via phone communication, but are able to connect to the internet at almost any location via network internet services. This means that users never have to face the prospect of going without phone, email, or access to social networks. Smartphones represent a small, yet rapidly growing, segment of the mobile market. Smartphone sales at 17.5 million units in 2004 accounted for 3% of the worldwide sales of 684 million handsets (Kang 2010). This represents a significant jump from the 8.2 million units sold in 2003. The demand for smartphones is growing rapidly in the recent years. In Q3 2010, the number of smartphone units sold globally increased to 77 million, an increase of 78% y-o-y (n.d. 2010). The smartphone sales are forecasted to reach 350 million units in 2012 (Kang 2010), about 40% of total handset sales. By 2012, smartphones will, resultantly, outship the global notebook and global PC market (Meeker 2010). Figure 1. Global Smartphone Sales Source: McKinsey: Exploring Mobiles Digital Future: Smartphone and Access, 2012 This increase in smartphone use, coupled with advances in wireless information technologies, has placed users in a ubiquitous computing environment, with access to and possibility of exchange of information anywhere and anytime through these smartphones. The ability to see rich content on a smartphone and the larger extent of interactivity possible on it, coupled with location tracking due to phones GPS capabilities, provides the marketers an opportunity for greater interaction with the consumers, enabling them to provide better content and making the consumers more probable to view the advertisements. Smartphones offer marketers unique opportunities to influence consumers at the very moment they are considering their purchase decisions and comparing the product prices. Companies and marketers are, therefore, working harder than ever on ways to deliver product marketing and services over smartphones. The smartphones, thus, increasingly serve as both the engine and the vehicle for sha ring product information. Media and advertising executives expect more than a quarter of media time and spending to move away from traditional channels, while mobile and social media advertising are seen gaining steam (Goncalves 2009). The smartphones are becoming less and less about wireless online and highly as personal and customized medium. While the general media environment is typically full of noise and distraction, consumers report being surprisingly focused when using the mobile internet (Hutton and Rodnick 2009). This result provides an opportunity for advertisers, who are constantly competing with external distractions, to engage users in a meaningful way. 1.3. Importance of consumer attitude toward advertising in smartphones The emergence of smartphone advertising opens up a new area of research. For instance, given the increased possibility of presentation and interactivity, is this marketing medium more effective than the conventional mobile advertising media? How do consumers perceive smartphone advertisements? What factors need tobe kept in mind when designing smartphone advertisements? A better understanding of these issues is essential to the effective use of smartphone advertising. Researchers agree that investigating the behaviour of the mobile consumer is critical towards offering effective customer services and accelerating the diffusion of mobile marketing (Mort and Drennan 2002; Nohria and Leestma 2001; Carlsson and Walden 2002). For example, Carlsson and Walden (2002) suggest that the key question for mobile commerce is to find some way to assess the value of mobile applications to prospective users. This provides the motivation for this study in investigating the consumer attitude toward ad vertising in smartphones. 1.4. Research objectives Since the mobile phone is still a relatively new channel for advertising, academic research in this field has been, to a large extent, inconsistent and fragmented (Roach 2009). Leppà ¤niemi (Leppà ¤niemi, Sinisalo and Karjaluoto 2006) has divided the current mobile marketing research into three categories: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consumer: acceptance, perception, attitude, responsiveness and effectiveness of mobile marketing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Business and Management: value chain, performance measurement, business models, branding and operations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ General research: antecedents and consequences, legal and political factors, adoption and diffusion of mobile marketing Leppà ¤niemi notes that majority of the research has mainly dealt with the various facets of consumer behavior, with several of them dealing with consumer attitudes toward mobile marketing (e.g. Tsang et al. 2004; James 2004; Jun 2007). However, the results of these studies have been contradictory (discussed in detail in Sec 2.1.4 and Sec 2.2.8), and have been limited to SMS advertisements on conventional mobile phones. The trends in the smartphone unit sales suggest that in the next five years, about three quarters of all phones will be smartphones. With the unique marketing opportunities available in smartphones, other than just the SMS, and the background suggesting further academic research in the domain of consumer attitude towards mobile advertising, the broader purpose of this study is to deepen the understanding of the domain, looking into the specific segment of smartphones only. This study will serve as a first attempt yet to examine the consumer attitudes towards advertisements in smartphones, and is conducted by implementing an empirical research. The subject will be approached through the following primary research question: What are the underlying factors which characterize the attitudes of consumers toward mobile advertising in the domain of smartphones? The following specific questions will be used to serve as basis for addressing the primary research question: How do demographic variables influence attitude towards advertisements in smartphones? Do the factors influencing attitude toward advertising on traditional mobile phones also influence attitude toward advertising on smartphones? Does attitude toward advertising in general and attitude toward internet advertising influence the attitude toward smartphone advertising? Does the type of advertisement have an impact on the factors that influence the attitudes toward smartphone advertising? Does emotional attachment to phone impact the attitude toward advertisements? Would incentives influence consumer intention to receive advertisements? From the managerial perspective, the research will provide insight into marketing viability in smartphones. More specifically, the results of the research will enable to judge the possibilities of incorporating the different facets of the Ad-revenue model in the smartphones, and also shed light on the realities of the bet that companies like Google have put on the success of the model in the Android based smartphones. Additionally, the knowledge regarding the factors contributing to successful smartphone advertisement would help managers to fully exploit the potential of the smartphone marketing medium. 1.5. Structure of the Thesis The research will start with a literature review of the most significant research streams relevant to the research problem. Chapter 2.1 will discuss the nature of attitudes, bringing together knowledge from both social and advertising psychology. Chapter 2.2 will present the consumer viewpoint of the concept of mobile marketing. Chapter 3 will discuss the hypotheses of this thesis, and present a research framework based on it. Chapter 4 will describe the methodology used for data collection and survey construction, as well as assess the data validity and reliability, also addressing the potential biases that might arise. Chapter 5 will present the results of the various analyses, followed by conclusions in Chapter 6. Literature Review This chapter will focus on the theoretical foundation of the study. It is divided into two parts: the first part focusing on attitude toward advertising in general and the second part, specifically, on mobile advertising. The first part of the chapter will begin with an attempt to define attitudes. Next, an overview of internet based advertising will be presented. This will be followed by consumer attitude toward advertising. The second part of the literature review will then discuss the prior research specifically on mobile advertising. It will begin with the definition of the term, followed by discussion of the motivation of consumers behind the use of mobile and the emotional attachment to the device. Next the characteristics of the mobile will be presented, which validate it as a marketing channel, and interactive advertising in mobile phones will be discussed. Furthermore, permission and control in the mobile marketing context will be reviewed, and the need to provide incentives will be discussed. Additionally, academic literature regarding consumer acceptance and consumer attitudes towards the mobile advertising will be highlighted. 2.1. Academic insight on attitudes in advertising domain With different streams of advertising emerging nowadays, it is becoming increasingly difficult to stand out with a particular advertisement. The costs of marketing are getting increasingly higher, making marketers more and more concerned about the attitudes of consumers and the factors contributing to effective advertising  [3]  . In order to be able to design effective advertisements, it is, therefore, imperative to first understand advertising itself. This chapter will, therefore, begin with the literature view of attitudes. Since mobile marketing has evolved, with the rise of smartphones, to provide advertisements similar to internet based advertisements, the chapter will also provide an overview of internet based advertising. This will be followed with literature view on attitudes towards advertising in general. 2.1.1. Defining attitudes Although research on attitudes has been abundant, there is no consensus on the general definition of the concept among researchers. Eagly and Chaiken (1993) defined attitude as a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor. Kotler (2000) stated that an attitude is a persons enduring favorable or unfavorable evaluations, emotional feelings and action tendencies toward some object or idea. Attitudes are typically derived from judgments, which everyone makes. Aakerman, et al. (2001) describe attitudes as mental states used by individuals to structure the way they perceive their environment and guide the way they respond to it. In general, attitude is a predisposition or a tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a certain idea,  object,  person, or situation. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] The four major components of attitude are (1) Affective: emotions or feelings, (2) Cognitive: belief or opinions held consciously, (3) Conative: inclination for action, (4) Evaluative: positive or negative response to stimuli. (BusinessDictionary  [4]  ). Triandis (1971) also defines attitudes as consisting of the three correlated components: affect, cognition and conation. 2.1.2. Internet based advertising The rise of internet has led to the evolution of commerce into the electronic age (Maamar 2003). As surfing the World Wide Web (WWW) has become ever more popular, the internet has clearly become an important information source and an integral part of daily life (Ko et al. 2005). As such, the internet represents a huge opportunity for advertisers in terms of the potential for efficient and effective communication with customers (Faber et al. 2004). Recently, internet advertising or web advertising has become one of the first choice advertising media for anyone wanting to promote their products and services to a global audience. The basic kinds of internet advertising include e-mail advertisements, banner advertisements, pop-ups, social media and endorsements from other websites. Pop-up advertising implies that an advertisement window pops up when the user visits a webpage, forcing him to see the ad before being closed. E-mail advertisement implies sending advertisement e-mails to the users. Banner advertisement is where an advertisement is placed in a section of a webpage. And social media marketing is done by putting advertisements on the homepage of users social media profile pages, e.g. in Facebook. Internet advertising has been perceived by many consumers to be intrusive and disturbing (Li et al. 2002). Banner advertisements on the Internet were found to produce dull results, with the click-through rate as low as 0.3% (Green and Elgin 2002). 2.1.3. Attitude toward advertising in general Attitude toward an advertisement is defined as a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner towards an advertisement in general (MacKenzie and Lutz 1998). The general attitude toward advertising manifests itself not only through political and regulatory activities but also through the exposure of individuals to advertising, the attention they pay to it, their evaluations to specific advertisements, and their responses to those advertisements (Zhou and Zhang 2002). Brackett and Carr (2001), and James and Kover (1992), showed that the overall attitude towards advertisement had significant effect on the involvement with specific advertisements. Involvement refers to the relationship of the consumers to the advertisements encountered. (Greenwald and Leavitt 1984). James and Kover 1992, through their research, suggest that liking a particular advertisement is not enough. Instead, industry should invest efforts to help people like advertising in general. This could make all advertising more effective. The results of James and Kovers (1992) study also suggest that attitude toward advertising has no significant interaction with demographics of age, education and gender. This signifies that advertising should not be segmented on these three demographics; other variables are probably more efficient, especially the degree of involvement with the advertising. James and Kovers (1992) results indicate that attitude toward advertising in general is channel dependent, i.e. the effect of an advertisement presented to an audience depends on the chosen channel of advertising, so it should be studied channel dependently. The reason for this could be the varying extent to which the viewer can exercise control on the advertisements. So, unlike television advertising in which a commercial runs for a given time, control of time looking at print lies with the reader (James and Kover, 1992). This can be attributed to the result that consumers show more negative attitude toward television advertising compared to print. Calfee and Ringold (1994) analyzed sixty two years of survey data to find the majority view on the perceptions of advertising. The results indicated that on average 70% of consumers think that advertising is often untruthful and that it seeks to persuade people to buy things that they do not necessarily want. However, consumers still tend to find advertising as informative. Shavitt et al. (1998) report that three quarters of the respondents in their study had either positive or neutral perceptions of advertising. Coulter (2001) found similar duality in consumer opinions, with results showing that consumers can, simultaneously, hold positive as well as negative opinions about various aspects of advertising. In his study, Coulter, however, found that information and entertainment are advertisings greatest assets. The discussion above shows that consumer attitudes are, to a large extent, mixed. So, while consumers consider information and enjoyment as important antecedents of advertising, they also consider advertising as not trustworthy. 2.2. Mobile advertising As an extension of the internet environment, the high penetration of mobile phones in recent years has created a good opportunity for mobile advertising (Bauer et al. 2005; Leppà ¤niemi et al. 2006). However, the channel has not been fully embraced by the marketers, despite its cost effectiveness. This chapter will focus on mobile marketing from the consumer viewpoint, in order to study the areas that influence effective mobile advertising. The chapter will begin by defining mobile advertising, followed by discussion of the motivation of consumers behind the use of mobile and the emotional attachment to the device. Next the characteristics of the mobile will be presented, which validate it as a marketing channel, and interactive advertising in mobile phones will be discussed. Furthermore, permission and control in the mobile marketing context will be reviewed to assert the need to provide incentives in mobile marketing. Additionally, academic literature regarding consumer attitude a nd response toward the mobile advertising will be highlighted. 2.2.1. Definition At a very basic level, mobile advertisement is defined as any form of advertisement that is delivered through a mobile as the medium (Mary Mathew 2010). Mobile advertising is one of the most common forms of mobile marketing. Different from traditional advertising, which is non-personal and applicable only via mass media, mobile advertising is more individual and interactive, while informing and persuading the customer (Chowdhury, et al. 2006). Mobile advertising can, thus, be defined as the usage of interactive wireless media (such as mobile phones and pagers, [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] GPS-based locators and maps) to transmit advertising messages to consumers in the form of time and location sensitive, personalized information with the overall goal to promote goods and services (Haghirian and Madlberger 2005). The high penetration rate of mobile devices among consumers has provided an opportunity for companies to utilize this means to convey advertising messages to consumers. Recently, there has been an increase in mobile marketing campaigns. Since each mobile device is used by an individual, it provides a suitable platform for delivering individual-based target marketing (Barnes and Scornavacca 2004). Therefore, mobile marketing could be the leading application of mobile commerce (Yuan and Zhang 2003). Among mobile marketing applications, the most popular format is SMS (Okazaki 2005). However, due to rise in smartphones, internet has been reinvented on the mobile devices, which as led to new forms of interactive advertising being discovered, as the internet advertising models get migrated from PCs to mobile devices. This has given rise to a broader range to mobile advertising in the form of in-search advertising to in-application placements (Laszlo 2009). However, to date these methods have not been significant (Idean 2009). 2.2.2. Consumer perception of a mobile The way consumers use their mobile phones influences how mobile advertising is perceived (Salo and Tà ¤htinen 2005). Additionally, results of Jun and Lees (2007) research indicate that consumer perception of mobile influences consumer attitudes toward mobile advertising. Understanding the motivations behind consumers use of mobile phones is, therefore, an important factor for determining the success of mobile advertising. The results of the uses and gratifications model of Leung and Wei (2000) showed that the consumers use mobile for seven distinct purposes: To look fashionable To provide affection, sociability and caring for others To relax and pass time To provide mobility and avoid queuing To provide immediate access regardless of time and location To carry out business transactions To provide security and safety in case of emergency The research stressed that as wireless technology becomes ubiquitous, there will be more freedom for consumers, in the form of mobility and immediate access anywhere, which will greatly facilitate the life of the consumers today. 2.2.3. Emotional attachment of consumers to mobile devices With the emergence of smartphones, mobile phones have now evolved into functionally sophisticated, ubiquitous and socially embedded devices. As a result, consumers now consider them indispensable and, as such, are becomingly increasingly emotionally attached (Wehmeyer 2007). Mobile phones have become mediators of expression, experience and communication of feelings and emotions. Users feel increasingly attached to their phones. This may partially be due to inherent emotional character of human communication, and may also be because mobile phones stay closer to the body. For many consumers, mobiles are an extension of themselves to the extent that removal of the device is likened to the loss of a limb (Hulme 2003). Emotional attachment is enacted in the personalization of the mobile devices. Mobile phones are not only an extension of the users own presence, but they also allow the virtual presence of those connected to the user by phone or wireless communication. As the social networking websites, like Facebook, have become increasingly popular and are now available as applications on the smartphones, the phones have become an important element in the building and maintaining of groups and communities. Users are able to act spontaneously and emotionally, whether it is spur-of-the-moment meetings, emotive text messaging or status updating on Facebook, and these attributes, in tandem with the always on facility, are crucial to the creation of emotional attachment (Kolsaker and Drakatos 2009). As such, Kolsaker and Drakatos identify four components of emotional attachment to mobile devices: the ability to strongly personalize the device, the ability to keep in touch with family and friends when on the move, the ability to manage ones private and emotional life, and the idea of feeling part of the modern world. For this study, only the first two components are used for measuring the emotional attachment, as they are considered to be most influencing, as they are cited in most research studies on emotional attachment to mobile devices. 2.2.4. Mobile phone as a marketing channel Mobile phone marketing is where internet advertising was in 1996, and now its about to really take off [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] There are already more mobile phones in use worldwide than televisions and computers put together (Nylund 2009). The mobile phone offers possibilities for a very unique consumer experience, when compared to the traditional advertising channels. Sultan and Rohm (2005) divide marketing approaches along two dimensions: 1) the degree of interactivity possible on the advertising channel and 2) the degree of location based advertising possible on the channel. According to Sultan and Rohm (2005), the mobile channel provides high interactivity as high possibility of location based advertising (figure 2.). Figure 2. A Comparison of Marketing Communication approaches (Sultan and Rohm 2005) Internet and telecommunication services are constantly evolving in order to fulfill customer satisfaction. Enriching these services with innovative approaches such as context-aware, interactive, adaptable and mobile mechanisms enables users to experience a variety of personalized services seamlessly across different platforms and technologies. Rafaelis research showed that interactivity with advertisements often leads to positive attitudes toward the advertisement (Gao, et al. 2010). Moreover, Macias (2003) results indicate that interactivity leads to better understanding of the advertisement message by the user. This suggests that advertising should become more interactive. The mobile phone offers a bi-directional and individual connection to the consumer, which makes it a highly interactive marketing channel (Park, et al. 2008). 2.2.5. Mobile interactive advertising Mobile interactive advertising is defined as advertising or marketing messages delivered to portable devices, either via a synchronized download or wirelessly over the air (Laszlo 2

Reaction paper about rice problems Essay

The discussion about rice, nutrition and food security, and AEC 2015 held on the 9th of October in the NCAS Auditorium was discussed by V. Bruce J. Tolentino, Ph.D. – the deputy director-general of International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). He started the discussion by comparing Philippines to Vietnam and Thailand by their birth rate. Apparently, the Philippines is better in producing babies than rice and that actually means that we have more mouths to feed. This may partially explain the question, why can’t the Philippines achieve self-sufficiency? As said by the speaker, â€Å"Rice is still a normal good in the Philippines†, which means that as your profit grows, so does your consumption of rice. In addition, he also said that the poorer the country, the more they eat or like rice. We also need to take it in mind that there are other plant crops other than rice that should be harvested. The Philippines is 1/3 rice, 1/3 corn, and 1/3 coconut as said by the speaker. Most of the rice that we get or buy comes from Central Luzon, and based on statistics we have around 2.4 million Filipino farmers and the average farm size is 1.14 hectares. Meanwhile, compared to other countries such as China, Japan, and Indonesia we have really low expenses that go to Agriculture which include the irrigation systems and other farm equipments. This shows that we haven’t prioritized Agriculture yet. Japan has the most yields compared to other countries since they invest in irrigation systems and the like. It also showed that Japan has the most use of fertilizers but their yield is very high, so we may say that fertilizers can help in yield growth although the data in the table is from year 1970-2009 only.